Podagrion
pachymerum (Walker 1833)
(Hymenoptera: Torymidae) – A New Record for Iraqi Wasps from Basrah Province
Zainab F. Mansowr1*, Dhia K. Kareem2, Nasir A.
Al-Mansour1 and Seyed-Abbas Moravvej3
1University of
Basrah, College of Science, Department of Biology, Iraq
2University of
Basrah, College of Education for Pure Science, Department of Biology, Iraq
3Chamran University of Ahwaz, College of Agriculture,
Department of Plant Protection, and Department of Agriculture, Abadan, Iran
*For correspondence: zainab.mansowr@uobasrah.edu.iq
Received 10 January 2023; Accepted 28 March 2023; Published 28 May 2023
Abstract
Podagrion
pachymerum (Hymenoptera:
Torymidae) was collected from Basrah Province in Southern Iraq during 2020 by
sweeping. It is a new record for the fauna of Iraq along with Podagrioninae, Podagrionini
and Podagrion. Illustration of the species, a map of the collecting locations
of the specimen and a review of Torymidae in Iraq are provided. © 2023
Friends Science Publishers
Keywords: Hymenoptera; Torymidae; Podagrion pachymerum; New
record; Iraq
Introduction
Chalcidoidea, a superfamily of
Hymenoptera, currently includes 24 families (Heraty et al. 2013; Haas et al. 2018; Janšta et al. 2018; Burks et al.
2022; Zhang et al. 2022),
including Torymidae sensu Janšta et al. (2018). Adult wasps are distinguished
from other wasps belonging to different families by their long ovipositor,
extremely short stigma veins, slightly raised cercal plates and transverse
petiole (Janšta et al. 2018). Ca. 960
species in 70 genera are placed within Torymidae (Janšta et al. 2018, 2020; Noyes 2019), which has been recently
divided into six subfamilies and six
tribes, namely, Chalcimerinae, Glyphomerinae, Microdontomerinae,
Monodontomerinae, Podagrioninae (Palachiini, Propalachiini and Podagrionini)
and Toryminae (Boucekinini, Torymoidini and Torymini) (Janšta et al.
2018). Torymidae is a cosmopolitan
family,
although most genera are distributed in the Old World (Janšta et al. 2018). The
biology of torymid species is still largely unknown, but as far as known,
torymids are ectoparasitoids of various gall makers (Cynipidae
[Hymenoptera] and Cecidomyiidae [Diptera]) and
bees (Hymenoptera), endoparasitoids of the eggs
of Heteroptera (Hemiptera) and the pupae
of Lepidoptera and Symphyta (Hymenoptera) and parasitoids of
mantid (Mantodea) eggs,
although only a few species are phytophagous (Janšta et al. 2018). A few species of Torymidae
have been employed in the practical control of
pests; Grissell (1995) can be referred for a brief review.
The genus Podagrion was
first described by Spinola (1811) on the basis of Podagrion splendens
Spinola. Since then, many authors have redescribed or regarded this genus under
various synonyms (Narendran and Shella 2013). This genus is
distributed widely worldwide with 101 described species (Noyes 2019), most of
which are found in tropical and subtropical regions (Grissell 1995). Podagrion
closely resembles the genus Palmon Dalman, however, the two genera can
be distinguished by the following characteristics: Podagrion has a
transverse anellus and its metasternum has one metasternal carina between the
metacoxae whereas Palmon has a cylindrical anellus, and the metasternum
is longer than its width and has two metasternal carinae (Grissell 1995). With
regard to life history, Podagrion and other members of the tribe
Podagrionini compose a homogeneous group which are parasitoids of Mantodea egg cases (Delvare 2005). The economic importance of Podagrion
species have not documented yet.
Torymidae of Iraq, along
with other insects of the country, has not been studied thoroughly in the past
and present, contrary to the latest faunistic
investigations, such
as those of Augul
(2017, 2018, 2019), because only five torymid
species have been documented in Iraqi fauna, namely, (1) Adontomerus amygdali (Bouček 1958), which parasitises almond fruit/seed wasp (Eurytoma amygdali (Enderlein 1907; Hymenoptera,
Eurytomidae) that damages almond fruits (Prunus amygdalus (Batsch 1801;
Rosaceae) in Erbil Province as studied by Abdul-Rassoul and Mohammed (2017a); (2) Erimerus indicus
(Rao and Bhatia 1962) as Liodontomerus
indicus
from unspecified location in the study of Farooqi (1986); (3) Idiomacromerus
longicorpus (Abdul-Rassoul 2000) as Liodontomerus longicorpus from
Diyala Province by
Abdul-Rassoul (2000); (4) Monodontomerus obscurus (Westwood 1833) emerging from the mud nests of black mud dauber or black mud-dauber wasp (Sceliphron spp.; Hymenoptera,
Sphecidae) from Dohuk Province by Abdul-Rassoul
and Mahmoud (2017b) and (5) Oopristus turkestanicus (Skriptshinsky
1929), which
parasitises the eggs of shield/stink bugs
(Hemiptera, Pentatomidae) on Thuja spp. (Cupressaceae) from Salahuddin Province by Bouček (1978: 105). Consequently,
the torymid fauna of other provinces, such
as Basrah Province in
Southern Iraq, is
completely unknown even in recent faunistic surveys. Torymidae
is absent in the studies of Al-Edani and Kareem (2015), Al-Saadi (2017), Ahmed (2020), Al-Frhany
(2022) and Jappar (2022) who recorded
insects from Basrah Province.
The lake of information
about the fauna, ecology and economic importance of Hymenoptera in Basrah
Province prompted authors to conduct research to elucidate Hymenoptera diversity. Partial results are presented
here, announcing new faunistic findings for Torymidae.
Materials and Methods
Specimens were collected from January to December
2021 by sweeping nets from different regions
of Basrah Province in Southern Iraq (Fig. 1).
The specimens were placed in containers
containing 70% ethanol. In the laboratory, each material
was poured into a Petri dish and placed on
the base of a stereomicroscope to collect wasps by tweezers or tiny hook using
magnification. Specimens were identified and photographed using a V003 Nikon
camera installed on an EZ4 binocular stereomicroscope using identification keys
and were preserved in vials containing 70% ethanol at the Museum of Natural
History, Baghdad University, Iraq.
Results
Different taxa of Hymenoptera were collected and determined from which Podagrion
pachymerum (Hymenoptera,
Torymidae) is reported
herein.
Family: Torymidae (Walker 1833)
Subfamily: Podagrioninae (Ashmead 1904)
Tribe: Podagrionini (Bouček
1976)
Genus: Podagrion (Spinola
1811)
The antennal
anellus is much wider than long
and
sometimes difficult to see. The
mesepimeron does not bulge outwardly or does not
make a flange above the surface of the metapleuron.
The metasternum has one median carina,
the metatibial apex subpointed with a distal spur,
and the propodeal foramen is greatly
separated from the metacoxal foramina
(Grissell 1995).
Species: Podagrion pachymerum
(Walker 1833)
Diagnosis (Female): Body (Fig. 2a)
with a metallic greenish colour, total length 3.1 mm (excluding ovipositor
sheath), ovipositor length 3.45 mm. Head (Fig. 2b) about 2 times as long as
broad; compound eyes red, ocelli pale, reflecting black; outline of frons in
dorsal view moderately convex. in anterior view with 0.644 mm length and 0.73
mm width, in lateral view with 0.7 mm length and 0.5 mm width; OOL (ocellar-ocular distance: the distance between a lateral
ocellus and the closest eye), 0.9 mm slightly shorter than or equal to OD (ocellar diameter: the diameter of a lateral ocellus) (× 0.85–1), POL (postocellar distance: the distance between the lateral
ocelli)
0.38 mm; occipital carina reaching down the temple margin. Antenna (Fig. 2b)
with total length 1.2 , inserted slightly above the lower ocular line; scape
always reaching the anterior ocellus but does not reach the vertex level;
pedicel shorter than first funicular segment; flagellum distinctly elongate,
combined with pedicel 1.55–1.65 times as long as width of head; first funicular segment 1.6–1.95 times as long as
wide; 7th funicular segment 0.7–0.9 times as long as wide; clava
longer than the three preceding segments but not longer than the four preceding
segments combined; scape 0.345 mm; pale yellow; pedicel 0.115 mm; pale
yellowish brown; anellus 0.023 mm; funicular segments pale yellowish brown 0.09
mm; clava black 0.345 mm . Head and mesosoma dark green with metallic refringence. Thorax (Fig. 2c) , notauli
complete; midlobe of mesoscutum reticulate, cells larger than cells on lateral
lobes; axillae with a more delicate, squamose sculpture; axillar grooves
narrow; frenal area well distinct, nearly smooth; propodeum rugulose-reticulate
with median carinae as an inverted Y, the lateral carinae straight and forming
together an acute angle (70–80°); adpetiolar area
subpentagonal, postero-laterally delimited by distinct costulae; propodeal
spiracle elongate, as long as its distance to hind margin of metanotum
propodeal spiracular groove fairly deep . Fore and mid legs yellow; hind legs
(Fig. 2d), black except for pale yellowish brown hind tibiae, yellow tarsi and
yellowish brown bases of the coxae and the femora; coxa shorter than hind femur
whose ventral margin has seven teeth: second, fifth and seventh are longer than
the remaining teeth, with the second tooth the largest, hind coxa 0.6 mm, hind
femur 1.02 mm, hind tibia 0.9 mm. Forewing (Fig. 2e) 2.77 times as long as
width, with 2.22 mm length, 0.8 mm width , submarginal vein setose along the
basal cell, with 11–20 hairs, basal vein with 9–14 hairs, submarginal vein 0.7
mm, marginal vein 0.41 mm, length of marginal vein as long as 4 time or longer than
postmarginal vein, postmarginal vein 0.138 mm, stigmal vein 0.069 mm. Metasoma
(Fig. 2b) excluding the ovipositor sheath 1.62 mm; Metasoma
including gaster metallic green; ovipositor sheath (Fig. 2a)
black to brown, longer than the body, 1.2–1.4 times as long as body.
Distribution. Oriental
(India) and mainly Palaearctic (Algeria, Austria, Bulgaria, Caucasus, Croatia,
Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Moldova, Poland,
Portugal (Madeira), Romania, Spain, Syria and Ukraine) (Noyes 2019) including
Iraq (present study) thus Podagrion pachymerum is new record for the
fauna of Iraq.
Fig.
1: Map of Iraq with focus on the south (right)
showing collection sites (left)
Fig. 2: Podagrion pachymerum Walker 1833. A, female Lateral view of whole
body; B, head and
antenna; C, dorsal view
of mesosoma; D, outside
view of hind leg excluding tarsus; E, fore wing
Table 1: Present status of
Torymidae of Iraq
Taxonomy |
Distribution (province) |
Biology (in Iraq) |
Reference |
||
Subfamily |
Tribe |
Species |
|||
Microdontomerinae |
- |
Adontomerus amygdali (Bouček 1958) |
Erbil |
Parasitoid
of Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein 1907
(Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) damaging almond
fruits |
Abdul-Rassoul and Mohammed (2017a,
b) |
Erimerus indicus (Rao and
Bhatia 1962) |
Unspecified |
Unknown |
Farooqi (1986: 263), Grissell (1995: 225), Narendran et al. (2012) |
||
Idiomacromerus
longicorpus (Abdul-Rassoul 2000) |
Diyala |
Unknown |
Abdul-Rassoul (2000); Doğanlar
(2016) |
||
Monodontomerinae |
- |
Monodontomerus
obscurus (Westwood 1833) |
Dohuk |
Parasitoid
of Sceliphron
spp. (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) |
Abdul-Rassoul and
Mahmoud (2017a, b) |
Oopristus turkestanicus
(Skriptshinsky 1929 ( |
Salahuddin |
Parasitoid
of eggs of shield/stink
bugs (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae)
on Thuja spp. (Cupressaceae) |
Bouček (1978: 105), Farooqi
(1986: 266), Tarla et al. 2010 |
||
Podagrioninae |
Podagrionini |
Podagrion
pachymerum
(Walker 1833) |
Basrah |
Unknown |
Present study |
Biology. Egg parasitoid
of praying mantis (Mantis religiosa (Linnaeus 1758); Mantodea; Mantidae)
from Europe (Thompson 1958: 664), France (e.g., Delvare (2005)), India (e.g., Farooqi (1986: 271)), Italy
(Delvare 2005), Romania (e.g., Popescu (2009)) and
Turkey (Bolu and Özaslan 2015) and conehead mantis (Empusa
pennata (Thunberg 1815) (= E. egena Charpentier 1841); Mantodea; Empusidae)
from France (Herting 1971: 66). Thorette (1992) mentioned Podagrion
pachymerum was reared from the Mediterranean mantis (Iris oratoria
(Linnaeus 1758); Mantodea; Mantidae) though this is misidentification of Podagrion
gibbum (Bernard 1938) specimens (Delvare 2005).
Material Examined. 8
♀, Nashua and Hartha region, Basrah province in southern of Iraq, 30° 30ʹ 7.23ʹʹ N, 47° 50ʹ 30.93ʹʹ, in
2020.
Discussion
Table 1 summarises the
Torymidae of Iraq, which obviously
demonstrates the unknown torymid fauna of the country.
Consequently, much effort and
investigation is required to reveal the biodiversity of Iraqi Torymidae
(Farooqi 1986; Abdul-Rassoul 2000; Abdul-Rassoul and Mohammed 2017a, b).
To date, only six species
of Torymidae have been recorded from Iraq (Table 1), which
belong to 16 taxa, including three subfamilies (Microdontomerinae, Monodontomerinae and Podagrioninae), one tribe
(Podagrionini), six genera (Adontomerus, Erimerus, Idiomacromerus, Monodontomerus, Oopristus and Podagrion) and six species (amygdali, indicus, longicorpus, obscurus, pachymerum and turkestanicus). Hence,
other current taxa of Torymidae, including three subfamilies (Chalcimerinae,
Glyphomerinae and Toryminae),
five tribes (Boucekinini,
Palachiini, Propalachiini, Torymoidini and Torymini), genera and species, are not
known in Iraq. Previous studies (Table 1) reported 12 taxa for
Iraqi torymid fauna, including two subfamilies (Microdontomerinae and Monodontomerinae), five genera (Adontomerus, Erimerus, Idiomacromerus, Monodontomerus
and Oopristus) and five species (amygdali, indicus, longicorpus, obscurus and turkestanicus), whereas the present
survey recorded four new taxa for Iraqi fauna, namely, one subfamily (Podagrioninae),
one tribe
(Podagrionini), one genus (Podagrion)
and one species (pachymerum).
Currently known Iraqi
torymids are from the Old World, although Monodontomerus obscurus has been recorded from the New World as well (Noyes
2019). Thus, this species is
the most distributed among the current torymids of
Iraq. Adontomerus amygdali, Idiomacromerus longicorpus
and Oopristus turkestanicus have been recognized only from the
Palaearctic region, whereas Erimerus indicus and Podagrion pachymerum have been identified
from the Oriental region, although the latter is
moreover known from the Afrotropical region (Noyes 2019). Idiomacromerus
longicorpus is unique in
distribution, because it has been recorded only from Diyala Province, Iraq
(Noyes 2019). Currently
known Iraqi torymids have been documented
from five provinces (Table
1): Basrah, Diyala, Duhok, Erbil and Salahuddin.
Torymids in the
other 13 Iraqi provinces (i.e., Anbar, Babil, Baghdad, Dhi Qar, Qadisiyyah, Karbala,
Kirkuk, Maysan, Muthanna, Najaf, Ninawa, Sulaymaniyah and Wasit) are completely
unexplored. Previous
studies reported five torymids from Diyala, Duhok, Erbil and Salahuddin (Table 1),
whereas the present study recorded a torymid species from Basrah Province.
Known hosts of currently
identified Iraqi torymids are almond fruit/seed wasp (Eurytoma amygdali; Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae), black mud dauber or black mud-dauber wasp (Sceliphron spp.;
Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) and unspecified shield/stink
bugs (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae), which are parasitised by Adontomerus amygdali,
Monodontomerus
obscurus and Oopristus turkestanicus,
respectively (Table 1). Therefore, the hosts of torymid species in Iraq are
scarcely recognised. Amongst
currently recorded Iraqi torymids, Adontomerus amygdali,
Monodontomerus
obscurus and
Oopristus turkestanicus are
known to parasitise almond fruit/seed wasp (Eurytoma
amygdali; Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae), black mud dauber or
black mud-dauber wasp (Sceliphron spp.; Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) and shield/stink bugs (Hemiptera,
Pentatomidae), respectively
in Iraq (Table 1). Hence, the biology of torymid
species in Iraq is hardly determined.
Conclusion
The present revision
demonstrates that the current knowledge about Torymidae
in Iraq is at most superficial. Thus, several recommendations are put forward
to increase knowledge in this field. Specimen collection should be conducted in
different places (e.g., provinces and
diverse agro-ecosystems) in different times (e.g., day/night or a month/year) and by several methods (e.g., sweeping, trapping, yellow pan
trap, Malaise trap) to obtain rich material. In particular, rearing parasitoids
from their hosts, especially economically important pest species of Hemiptera and Lepidoptera, is necessary. Determination keys need to be prepared
for the correct and reliable identification of Iraqi Torymidae. Hosts of Iraqi Torymidae and the torymid parasitoid species
of hosts, particularly Hemiptera and Lepidoptera in Iraq, need
to be determined and analyzed for the practical biological control of pests so
that potential torymid parasitoids would be employed to control pests in
ecosystems.
Acknowledgment
Many thanks to the head
of the Biology department/ College of science for its help to complete this
work.
Author
Contributions
D K and N A planned the
work, Z F did the field work and write the paper also S A help in writing the
paper.
Conflict
of Interest
There are no conflicts
of interest to declare, and the authors agree to publish this paper in your
journal.
Data
Availability
Data presented in this
study will be available on a fair request to the corresponding author.
Ethics Approval
Not applicable in this
paper.
Funding Source
There is no funding source for this work
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